• Specific measures aimed at training and developing concrete competencies needed on the job (like coding)
• General measures aimed at training and developing broadly usable competencies (e.g., leadership, communication, negotiation, etc.)

Three goals of personnel development:

• Enhance specific task-related competencies
• Foster competencies that enable the person to be placed in different positions with different responsibilities (e.g., management)
• Promote job satisfaction, retention, and personnel marketing

Training: Focused on current job/tasks, participation: mandatory